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John Rupert Firth (June 17, 1890 in Keighley, Yorkshire – December 14, 1960 in Lindfield, (West Sussex)), commonly known as J. R. Firth, was an English linguist and a leading figure in British linguistics during the 1950s. He was Professor of English at the University of the Punjab from 1919–1928. He then worked in the phonetics department of University College London before moving to the School of Oriental and African Studies, where he became Professor of General Linguistics, a position he held until his retirement in 1956.〔(John R. Firth. On Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013 )〕 ==Contributions to linguistics== His work on prosody, which he emphasised at the expense of the phonemic principle, prefigured later work in autosegmental phonology. Firth is noted for drawing attention to the context-dependent nature of meaning with his notion of 'context of situation'. In particular, he is known for the famous quotation: : You shall know a word by the company it keeps (Firth, J. R. 1957:11) Firth developed a particular view of linguistics that has given rise to the adjective 'Firthian'. Central to this view is the idea of ''polysystematism''. David Crystal describes this as: : an approach to linguistic analysis based on the view that language patterns cannot be accounted for in terms of a single system of analytic principles and categories ... but that different systems may need to be set up at different places within a given level of description. His approach can be considered as resuming that of Malinowski's anthropological semantics, and as a precursor of the approach of semiotic anthropology.〔〔Edwin Ardener (editor) (1971) (''Social anthropology and language'' ), ()〕〔Milton B. Singer (1984) (''Man's glassy essence: explorations in semiotic anthropology'' )〕 Anthropological approaches to semantics are alternative to the three major types of semantics approaches: linguistic semantics, logical semantics, and General semantics.〔Winfried Nöth (1995) ''Handbook of semiotics'' (p.103 )〕 Other independent approaches to semantics are philosophical semantics and psychological semantics.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John Rupert Firth」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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